人的分裂:现代教育的困境及出路

The Split of Personality: The Dilemma of Modern Education and A Way Out

教育的基本问题在于培养什么样的人。然而随着现代国家的建立,人所生活的私人领域与公共领域之间的矛盾更加突出。人的性质分裂为私人与公民,教育摇摆于培养人还是公民的尴尬中。这一分裂的产生有其历史嬗变,从古希腊城邦到现代国家诞生,人从纯粹的公民到私人与公民的分裂。对此有不少教育学家曾做出努力,比较有代表性的是卢梭和杜威。卢梭企图通过致力于自然教育消除教育在培养私人还是公民之间的徘徊;杜威则试图通过民主教育消除私人与公民的二元对立。但是这些努力由于未能分析人分裂的深层原因而具有不可避免的局限性。马克思深刻分析了政治解放所造成的私人与公民的分裂,并提出通过人类解放与人的自由全面发展从而使得这种分裂得以消除。而我们的教育所能做的则是实现人的解放,使学生自由全面发展,从而让学生成为"完整的人"。

The basic problem of education is what kind of person we want to cultivate. However, with the establishment of the modern state, the tension between the private sphere and the public sphere becomes more sharpened. Personality has been split into a private person and a citizen. It is difficult to choose between training a private person or a citizen. This split has its historical evolution from the ancient Greek city-states to the birth of the modern state. A lot of educators have made efforts in this aspect, such as Rousseau and Dewey. Rousseau wanted to eliminate the dilemma in educating a private person or a citizen through natural education; Dewey attempted to eliminate the binary opposition of private and civic education through democratic education. But these efforts have limitations due to their failure in analyzing deep reasons for split personality. Marx analyzed the in-depth causes for the split of private person and citizen. He suggested that the split can be eliminated through the liberation and all-around development of humanity. Our education should liberate people and promote all-around development of students so that they can become a ' complete person ' .