机动车致人损害赔偿法律问题研究——兼评《道路交通安全法》第76条之规定

On the Problem of Loss Indemnity Caused by Automobile -And Critique of Article 76 of the Act Road Transportation Safety

机动车致人损害事故是现代侵权行为法上的常见问题之一,几乎涉及侵权行为法的所有原理。从机动车致人损害的赔偿责任主体来看,原则上由机动车的作业人予以赔偿,但存在着诸多例外。就机动车致人损害的归责原则来看,区分机动车之间的损害与机动车致行人损害分别适用于过失责任与无过失责任,是多数国家立法上的通例,也符合过失责任和无过失责任的基本原理。无过失责任仅仅是指侵权责任的成立不需要过失,在受害人有过失的情况下,损害赔偿范围的确立应该适用过失相抵规则。机动车致人损害的责任保险制度的宗旨是为了使受害人能够得到及时的赔偿,不存在保险人有无过失的问题,但不能加重保险人的赔偿责任。我国《道路交通安全法》第76条有待于进一步完善。

The injure caused by automobile is one of the most familiar problems in the modern tort law, it is almost involved in all principles of tort law. The indemnitor of the injure caused by automobile is the holder of the automobile in principle, but there are many exceptions. The liability principle of the injure caused by automobile have fault liability and strict liability, the former applies to the injure between the automobiles, the latter applies to the injure between the automobile and pedestrian. These are generally accepted rules in most nations and match basic principle of fault liability and strict liability. The strict liability only indicates that the establishment of tort needs no fault, if the victims have fault, the scope of indemnity should apply to mutual fault offset . The indemnity of victims in time is the aim of liability insurance of the injure caused by automobile, it has the problem of no fault, but can't enlarge insurer liability. There is necessity of further perfect of article 76 of the Act Road Transportation Safety.