自然权利的现代性困境——解读列奥·施特劳斯的《自然权利与历史》

The Modernity Predicament of Natural Right——Review on Natural Right and History by Leo Sttauss

列奥·施特劳斯在其《自然权利与历史》中,通过其对经典的解读与批判呈现了自然权利走向现代性困境的历史过程,为我们清晰地勾画了不同思想间的逻辑线条。霍布斯将人的主观欲望代替了古典自然权利论的德性以论证自然权利的正当,从而使解构古典的普遍正义成为可能;卢梭则将文明的进化过程视为人道的历史过程,从而在相对的历史中追寻人道,使自然权利论走向了相对主义;事实与价值的两分方法在社会科学中的运用将相对主义进一步推进,海德格尔将存在投入时间的视野,以时间性和历史性呈现暂时和断裂的意义,彻底将自然权利抛向了虚无主义的现代性困境。

In Natural Right and History written by Leo Sttauss,the author presents the historical process that natural right comes into a mo- dernity predicament by criticizing the classical works,and draws the logi- cal line among the different thoughts.Hobbes substitutes the subjective appetite for the dharma in the classical natural right theory to argue the validity of natural right,so destructions the eternal right;Rousseau trea- ted the process of civilization as the historical process of humanity,and tried to find out the humanity in the relative history,so as to turn the nat- ural right theory as a relative theory.Martin Heidegger presented the be- ing in the perspective of time,and so put the natural right into the moder- nity predicament of nihilism.