报应的威慑刑:贝卡利亚的二元刑罚目的观——重读《论犯罪与刑罚》

Retributive Deterrence:The Binary Penal Objective of Beccaria's

《论犯罪与刑罚》是刑法史上的一本旷世名著,为作者贝卡利亚带来了尊贵的荣耀和不绝的赞誉。重读经典往往会有意外的收获,近来笔者就在思索:仅仅把贝卡利亚的刑罚目的观理解为威慑刑是否全面?书中的多处论述已向我们暗示,威慑是其刑罚目的的主要内容,但是关于刑罚的度,则是以相对的报应刑为根据的。经过考证,笔者将贝卡利亚的刑罚目的观总结为:以威慑刑为主,以报应刑为辅,报应为威慑划定疆界,威慑为报应确立效益,报应是实现威慑功能的手段。报应刑、刑法公正、个别威慑、程序预防四位一体,威慑刑、刑罚功利、一般威慑、实体预防四位一体,构成了多层次、多维度的一体化刑罚观。这并非故作标新立异的思考,而是希望对经典作家著述作更全面评价的一种探讨。

On Crimes and Punishment is a great book in the history of criminal law's study,which brought great fame and appreciation for Beccaria. Reading classic work repeatedly would bring new feelings.Recently I was considering that the penal objective of Beccaria's should be binary: the deterrence is primary,the retribution is secondary,and retribution draws the line of deterrence,deterrence brings effect of retribution,and retribution is the method to realize deterrence.Retribution,justice,deterrence for individuals and prevention by process compose the whole.Deterrence, utility,deterrence for all and prevention by substantive law compose the whole,which makes the penal objective of Beccaria's polybasic.