4Roberta Rubenstein, "History and Story, Sign and Design:Faulknerian and Postmodern Voices in Jazz", in Carol A.Kolmerten, et al, ed. , Unflinching Gaze: Morrison and Faulkner Re-envisioned (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1997), pp. 152-164.
5Wilfred D. Samuels and Clenora Hudson-Weems,Toni Morrison (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990), pp. 48-52.
6Barbara H. Rigney, The Voices of Toni Morrison (Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 1991 ),p. 64.
7拙文.《(秀拉)的死亡主题》[M].,.第35页.
8Aoi Mori, Toni Morrison and Womanist Discourse (New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc., 1999), p. 61.
9Thadious M. Davis & Trudier Harris, ed., Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol . 33 : Afro-American Fiction Writer After 1955 (Detroit: Gale research Company,1982), p. 191.
10Gurleen Grewal, Circles of Sorrow, Lines of Struggle-The Novels of Toni Morrison (Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press, 1998), p. 51.