宋元转变的汉人精英家族：儒户身份，家学传统与书院

Chinese Elite Families in the Song-Yuan Transition:Confucian Household Status,Family Scholarly Traditions,and Academies

1315年恢复科举制度前后,士大夫家庭已通过兴办书院从而把利用教育作为维护社会地位和经济地位的战略。元初那些通过资助,兴办或以其他形式与书院联系,从而维护儒学学术传统的家族,获得入仕的有利机会。元朝建立后,书院时南方士大夫家庭的命运起着重要作用。书院除了为书院山长提供潜在的仕途外,还帮助元朝指定的儒户,即传统的士绅家庭维持特权。元初,恢复科举制度前,通过建立和扩大书院对当地教育有所贡献的家庭,经常受到官方任命作为奖赏。除了具有教育传统的家庭兴办书院,那些自南宋起就存在的家塾,为元代的书院奠定了基础。元代的书院,既是国家教育机构的组成部分,也是南北方汉族士人——以及非汉族士人——通过坚持儒家教育传统而保持地位的手段。

Family learning traditions were instrumental in enabling Chinese elites to survive,and even prosper,through the Song-Yuan transition and beyond.This paper focuses on the engagement of Chinese elite families,both north and south,with academies as a means of modest occupation and material support as well as a path to office.Appointment to the post of academy headmaster,while an unranked,lowly educational post,still provided a modest income as well as some recognition d scholarly status.In many cases,the post of headmaster was awarded to someone whose family had built an academy,often through the transformation of a family private school into an academy,a process that usually in- volved official recognition or approval d the Yuan govermment.Families with traditions of scholarship were likely to sup- port family schools,particularly in the wake of the Yuan designation d families with demonstrated scholady traditions (such as having taken examination degrees or held office under the Song) in 1277 as'Confucian households'.To retain that status,which allowed such households to avoid labor services,the only requirement was to maintain a member of the households in a school,which could be as informal as tutoring by a father or other elder nude within the family Through the analysis of academies that began as family schools or were founded as family academies,this paper shows how family learning traditions were used by the Chinese elite as a strategy of social and economic survival during the Yuan.