辽朝科举与辟召

The Civil Examination System and Bizhao System in the Liao Dynasty

辽朝前半期官员入仕的主要途径有恩荫、流外和辟召,尤其藩镇辟召、奏荐州县官幕职官广泛流行,估计有许多汉人由此途径担任地方官,从而确保了各级机构所需要的官僚数。因此,可知辽朝的藩镇应具有与唐朝后半期和五代时期藩镇相同的人事权,即这一时期朝廷的人事权受到一定的限制。辽朝后半期确立科举制度之后,朝廷通过任命新取进士为地方官,逐渐将藩镇的用人权收归中央。因此,辟召任官的现象明显减少。可以说辽朝通过采用科举制度实现对汉地的深入统治。

In the first half of the Liao period,there were three main ways to select officials:by EnYin(恩荫,benefit from ancestors),by Liu Wai(流外,the lower officials beyond the nine ranks)and by Bizhao(辟召,the commanding general nominates subordinate officials by himself),among which Bizhao system was most prevalent,and a large number of magistrates were appointed through this way. Under these selective systems,the number of officials was enough to meet the demand for all sorts of government officials. The above facts make it clear that Fanzhen(藩镇,governor of one or more provinces in charge of both civil and military affairs)in the Liao Dynasty had personnel power as is the case of Tang and the Five Dynasties; thus personnel power of the central court was limited in this period. After establishing the civil examination system in the latter half of the Liao period,the central court regained that power from commanding generals by appointing new Jinshi(进士,a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations)to the local government positions and the officials nominated by commanding general markedly decreased. It seems reasonable to conclude that Liao Dynasty achieved deep governance of Han People by introducing the civil examination system.