1Beaver,Harold. Introduction. Billy Budd, Sailor and Other Stories. By Herman Melville. New York: Penguin Books, 1967. 9-50.
2Busch, Frederick. Introduction. Billy Budd and Other Stories. By Herman Melville. New York: Penguin, 1986. vii - xxiv.
3Chase, Richard. "A Parable of the Artist. " Bartleby the Inscrutable : A Collection of Commentary on Herman Melville's Tale "Bartleby the Scrivener. " Ed. M. Thomas Inge. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1979. 78 -84.
4Gilman, William H. Melville's Early Life and Redburn. New York: New York UP, 1951.
5Goddu, Teresa. "Poe, Sensationalism, and Slavery. " The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Kevin J. Hayes. New York: Cambridge UP, 2002. 92 - 112.
6Levin, Harry. The Power of Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville. Athens, OH: Ohio UP, 1980.
7Leyda, Jay. The Melville Log: A Documentary Life of Herman Melville, 1819-1891. 2 vols. New York: Gordian Press, 1969.
8Marx, Leo. "Melville's Parable of the Walls. " Herman Melville's Billy Budd , " Benito Cereno , " " Bartleby the Scrivener," and Other Tales. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1986. 11 -29.
9McCall, Dan. The Silence of Bartleby. New York: Comell UP, 1989.
10Melville, Herman. "Bartleby. " Billy Budd, Sailor and Other Stories. Ed. Harold Beaver. New York: Penguin Books, 1967. 59-99.
