预设和蕴涵

Presupposition and entailment

预设和蕴涵是指句子所表述的命题与命题之间的关系 ,都是从句子自身的整体意义推导出来的另外的意义或另外的一些信息 ,研究它们是为了研究句子外面的某些信息对句子的影响。预设可表述为 :如果从命题 P和命题“非 P”都可以推导出 Q,那么 Q就是 P的预设。蕴涵可表述为 :在所有情况下 P为真 Q也为真时 ,那么 P蕴涵 Q。预设和蕴涵都与特定的句法成分有一定的对应关系 :预设大多由定语、主语、状语等成分充当 ,蕴涵大体与谓语部分相对应。预设、蕴涵与特定的语义相对应。

Both presupposition and entailment refer to the meaning relations between the truth value and the proposition conveyed by the sentence. They are both implications inferred from the meaning of the sentence in itself, whose objective is to make research on the influence made by other factors outside of the sentence. In general, presupposition can be interpreted as the follows: if P is true, Q is true. If P is false, Q is still true. Q is the presupposition of P. Entailment can be interpreted as follows: under all circumstances, if P is true, then Q is true. P entails Q. Presupposition and entailment are related to some particular constituents. To be more specific, the attributive, subject and adverbials functions as the presupposition and the predicates the entailment, which correspond to specific meaning.