摘要介绍了苏联（俄罗斯）各种载人航天器的研制、试验和使用情况。The situations of developing, testing and applying about manned space vehicles of all kinds in the Soviet Union are given.
1Messerschmid E,Bertrand R.Space stations:systems and utilizations[M].Berlin:Springer,1999.
2Sorokin I V,Markov A V.Utilization of space stations:1971-2006[J].Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,2008,45 (3):600-607.
3Robinson J A,Thumm T L,Thomas D A.NASA utilization of the international space station and the vision for space exploration[J].Acta Astronautica,2007,61 (1):176-184.
4Ehrenfreund P,McKay C,Rummel J D,et al.Toward a global space exploration program:a stepping stone approach[J].Advances in Space Research,2012,49(1):2-48.
5Feonychev A I,Tillotson B J,Torre L P,et al.Characterization of the microgravity environment on the Salyut and Mir space stations[C].Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series,Orlando,USA,April 04,1994,2220:102-129.
6Siddiqi A A.The triumph and tragedy of Salyut Ⅰ[J].Quest:The History of Spaceflight Magazine,1996,5 (3):26-33.
7Stuhlinger E.Skylab results-review and outlook[C].Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences,Varna,Bulgaria,May29-June 7,1975.
