现代性危机与劳动者的“乌托邦”——兼论阿伦特对马克思“劳动”概念的洞见

The Crisis of Modernity and the "Utopia" for Laborers——about Arendt’s insight into the relationship between Marx and modernity

在阿伦特看来,由现代'理性主义的错误'和判断力失效所表征的现代性危机是与对'权威'的感觉的丧失共存的'世界的异化'。相对于这个以抽象的'平等'和'消费'为普遍原则的大众社会及其'自由'理想来说,阿伦特认为,马克思对'感性劳动'的回归和对'废除劳动'的强调从根本上是在对传统自然观与现代自然观的对立形式本身,以及在黑格尔对二者进行了统一基础上的再颠倒来完成的。而她与马克思在'劳动'地位上的表面分歧实则是基于这样一个洞见:马克思所用的传统词汇及其颠倒形式显现出一种因传统与现代同享的'感觉与超越物'的二分结构的终结,在以'占有'和'增殖'为原则的,乃至思想混乱的现代社会中讲述'超越性'才会显示出的矛盾形式。

The disappearance of common sense in the present day,in Hannah Arendt’s idea,is the surest sign of the crisis of modernity,which has already been represented by the failure of modern rationalism,manifesting itself as 'earth alienation' coexisting with the loss of the sense of 'authority'.As opposed to the'mass society 'which was based on the general principles of'equality'and'consumption',Arendt believes that Marx’s return to'conscious labor'and his emphasis on'abolition of labor'are fundamentally accomplished by making a re-subversion of the binary opposition structure consisting of traditional and modem views of nature,on the basis of ' unity 'made by Hegel.Meanwhile,her opinions on the question of 'labor' in vita active dissenting from Marx’s,only come from one insight:Marx’s employing traditional vocabulary and its inverted form reveal their contradictory nature in narrating 'transcendentality' in a modem society characterized by the principles of ' possession' and 'multiplication' in accordance with the end of a dichotomy shared by traditional and modern political philosophy,accompanied by pervasive confusion of ideas.