如何跨越物质与意识的二元对立——论阿尔都塞的物质性意识形态的生效机制

Bridging the Break between Matter and Mind:On the Functioning Mechanism of Althusser’s Materialized Ideology

阿尔都塞在他的质询理论中没有澄清,物质性意识形态的国家机器是如何能够跨越心一物二元对立、进而'决定'意识的。为此需要对其作两方面的补充:首先,'主体'等同于'想象性关系',因而,借助精神分析理论,通过'质询'产生主体的过程可以被理解为是个体在镜像前的自我误认。其次,意识形态和主体都是'结构',因而是作为'缺席的原因'通过'结构性因果性'在上述自我误认中生效:为了弥合主体性缺失,个体将会认同特定的观念,由此就承认了意识形态所象征的社会秩序。但是仅依据阿尔都塞我们还不能理解纯粹的物质如何变成是具有意识形态效果的机器。为此需要引入博德里的理论,将意识形态的国家机器的物质性理解为具有意识形态效果的装置空间。

Althusser does not articulate in his theory of interpellation,how is possible for the material ideological state apparatus to bridge the break between mind and matter,so as to determine the consciousness.Hence,two complements are necessary.Firstly,Althusser’s conception of subject can be equated with the notion of'imaginary relation',which enables us,by the detour of psycho-analysis,understand the process of interpellation as the misrecognition of an individual before his mirror image.Secondly,both ideology and subject are what Althusser calls'structure',and thus each functions as an'absent cause'in the process of misrecognition mentioned above:in order to fill the vacancy of his subjectivity,the individual will recognize specific ideas,and thus recognize the social order symbolized by ideology.However,it is yet unclear how the pure matter is transformed into the apparatus with ideological function if we only resorted to Althusser’s own texts.Thus,on the other hand,it is necessary to introduce Baudary’s theory,by virtue of which the materiality of ideological state apparatus can be understood as an apparatus-space with ideological effects.