意大利法中不当得利的构成

Unjust Enrichment in Italian Civil Law

意大利民法的不当得利颇具特色,其和非债清偿相分离,两者彼此独立。在构成上,不当得利之诉的行使需要具备得利、损害、得利与损害的关系、得利没有正当原因、得利人没有其他可用救济等要件。意大利民法理论和实务对不当得利各要件的解释和适用并不统一,呈现严格和宽松两种不同的倾向,但以严格解释的倾向为主。得利和损害需要来自同一事实,以及抽象的补充性,会限制三人关系不当得利的发生。不过,通过适用民法典第2038条,或者求助于衡平,在第三人无偿受让得利或者中间人破产的场合,受损人可以对第三人主张不当得利。这也可以为刑事追赃中受害人和第三人关系的处理提供依据。

Unjust enrichment in Italian Civil Code has its own characteristics. It is separated from condictio indebiti,, and the two concepts are expanded upon in separate chapters in the Code. In terms of structure, the execution of unjust enrichment requires the following elements:enrichment, damage, the relationship between enrichment and damage, the absence of legitimate reasons for enrichment, and the absence of other remedies available to the beneficiary. The theory and practice of Italian civil law do not uniformly interpret and apply the various elements of unjust enrichment, showing two different tendencies: strict and relaxed, but mainly strict interpretation. Evidence of enrichment and damage need to come from the same facts, which will limit the occurrence of improper enrichment of third-parties. However, by applying Article 2038 of the Civil Code or resorting to equity, the injured person may claim unjust enrichment against the third party in the case of the third party’s free transfer of profits or the bankruptcy of the intermediary.This can also provide a basis for dealing with the relationship between the victim and the third party in the circumstances of asset recovery in criminal law.