中国古代石刀功能的实证分析——基于大辛庄商代石刀的显微观察

The Demonstration of Function on Stone Knife in Ancient China:Based on the Microwear Analysis of Stone Knife,Shang Dynasty from Daxinzhuang Site

一、以往学者对石刀功能的认识石刀,文献又称石铚,《诗·周颂·臣工》日:'奄观铚艾',《说文解字》:'钰,获禾短镰也',是用来收割禾穗的一种农具。钰、镰也有蚌制的蚌铚和蚌镰。卜辞有(?)、(?)字。(?),《说文》'禾成秀也',当即禾穗。(?),从(?)从刀,当即为以手持刀割禾穗之会意字。《小尔雅·广物》:'禾穗谓之颖,截颖谓之铚。'《释名·释用器》:'铚,获禾铁也。铚铚,断和穗声也。'长期以来,学者们多根据石刀的形态对其进行分类并对其用途进行推定,大都认为石刀是一种收割工具。李济认为石刀'像是一种刮刀,与制骨业有密切的关系';

Function is one of the important researches for stone analysis.There are two kinds of ideas to do this research.One is to analyse the tools’use process,another is to analyse the remains in the stone tools.By the microwear analysis,we will know better the stone function and pursue the research.By the checking Shang Dynasty’s stone knives from Daxinzhuang site,we knew that stone knives had several use patterns,including cutting,scraping,peeling and splitting etc.It is possible for the knives with holes to be used with handle.To some extent,the function difference depends on the shapes of stone knives.Whatever the stone knife’s shape is,one knife is not absolutely only one kind of function.In consideration of saving the source,production cost,use efficiency,and tool use facilities,one stone knife can still be used into several functions,just like the stone knife with two edges or more than.In the stone knife production process,the maker will take use pattern and efficiency fully into consideration.In order to know stone knife is used as production tool or living tool,we need to fully research working objects and think over its excavation contexts,not only simply according to use pattern.We will let multiple-subject scholars into this research and need multiple method,like blood analysis,starch analysis and experimental archaeology etc.