基于杂草功能生态学和农作物稳定同位素的栽培强度辨识:法国上普罗旺斯和西班牙阿斯图里亚斯谷物生产制度的比较

Combining Functional Weed Ecology and Crop Stable Isotope Ratios to Identify Cultivation Intensity:A Comparison of Cereal Production Regimes in Haute Provence,France and Asturias,Spain

本研究综合了杂草生态属性和谷物碳氮稳定同位素分析这两种识别农作物生长条件和耕种实践的方法,以评估植物考古研究在推断古代作物生产系统强度的潜力。法国上普罗旺斯(Haute Provence)现代有机农业以适应低肥力土壤的作物栽培为特色,采用轮作的方式,很少甚至几乎不施肥。在该地区60处农田样带的杂草样方调查显示,植物群落的变化主要与地理区域的差异相关。普罗旺斯的杂草生态属性数据和之前调查的西班牙西北部阿斯图里亚斯(Asturias)集中管理的斯皮尔特小麦明显有别。杂草生态数据表明,阿斯图里亚斯土壤肥力较高,人类对土地的干预更多。农作物氮稳定同位素值也表明,阿斯图里亚斯与上普罗旺斯存在强化型施肥和长期基本不施肥的栽培模式差异。我们将上普罗旺斯和阿斯图里亚斯的杂草生态属性和谷物同位素值所反映栽培强度的新模型应用到罗马尼亚的锡吉什瓦拉(Sighisoara)、土耳其的卡斯塔莫努(Kastamonu)这两个现代地区作物管理体制的测试中,成功地区分了锡吉什瓦拉的精耕细作和卡斯塔莫努的粗放生产模式。这一新模型在欧洲中部新石器时代植物考古中的应用表明,早期农业趋向于集约型生产,并可能已经有了施肥的实践,但研究结果也显示了新石器时代农业生产方式的多样化态势,为探索栽培强度提供了新路径。

This investigation combines two independent methods of identifying crop growing conditions and husbandry practices-functional weed ecology and crop stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis-in order to assess their potential for inferring the intensity of past cereal production systems using archaeobotanical assembles.Present-day organic cereal farming in Haute Provence,France features crop varieties adapted to low-nutrient soils managed through crop rotation,with little to no manuring.Weed quadrat survey of 60 crop field transects in this region revealed that floristic variation primarily reflects geographical differences.Functional ecological weed data clearly distinguish the Provence fields from those surveyed in a previous study of intensively managed spelt wheat in Asturias,northwestern Spain:as expected,weed ecological data reflect higher soil fertility and disturbance in Asturias.Similarly,crop stable nitrogen isotope values distinguish between intensive manuring in Asturias and long-term cultivation with minimal manuring in Haute Provence.The new model of cereal cultivation intensity based on weed ecology and crop isotope values in Haute Provence and Asturias was tested through application to two other present-day regimes,successfully identifying a high-intensity regime in the Sighisoara region,Romania,and low-intensity production in Kastamonu,Turkey.Application of this new model to Neolithic archaeobotanical assemblages in central Europe suggests that early farming tended to be intensive,and likely incorporated manuring,but also exhibited considerable variation,providing a finer grained understanding of cultivation intensity than previously available.