陕西省志丹县永宁镇石窟、摩崖造像调查简报

A Brief Investigative Report on Buddhist Caves and Engravings in Yongning Town, Zhidan County,Shaanxi Province

经详细调查,对延安市志丹县永宁镇新发现的定边渠、冯家河、胡家坬、埝坪、小崖窑、骆驼脖子6处北朝以来的摩崖造像龛群进行详细介绍,并就窟龛时代、造像题材、分期特点等方面展开初步讨论。调查结果显示,胡家坬、埝坪为北魏太和后半期造像;定边渠、冯家河、小崖窑、骆驼脖子为北魏晚期后段至西魏造像;此外,定边渠、冯家河部分造像时代上限可至北周,下限可至初唐。图像组合、造像题材在延续北朝石窟造像特征的基础上,较多地保留了部族造像特征,体现了陕北地区开窟造像的地域特色,同时与陇东、关中地区北朝佛教造像有着密切联系。这6处摩崖造像龛群,作为陕北地区早期佛教石窟造像的重要发现,丰富了该地区北朝佛教遗存,对研究丝绸之路北道——特别是陕北地区佛教石窟的分布、造像艺术及其与佛教中心区域的关系等有着非常重要的价值。

Based on thorough archaeological and historical investigation,this paper presents a detailed introduction to the six newly discovered cave groups and cliff engravings from sites at Dingbianqu,Fengjiahe,Hujiagua,Nianping,Xiaoyayao,Luotuobozi,all located in Yongning Town,Danzhi County,Yan’an City,adding in addition a preliminary discussion about the dating of the caves,the themes of the images,and the various characteristics of different periods.The investigation results show that the cliff engravings in Hujiagua and Nianping date to the late Taihe era of the Northern Wei dynasty;those in Dingbianqu,Fengjiahe,Xiaoyayao and Luotuobozi date from the late Northern Wei to the Western Wei dynasty;and some of the engravings found in Dingbianqu and Fengjiahe likely fall between the period from the Northern Zhou to the Early Tang.The results of a pictorial analysis reveal that many of the images found at these sites have characteristics of the Northern Dynasties period of painting,while the image combinations and themes retain many features of tribal imagery.These pictures not only embody the regional features of north Shaanxi,but also exhibit a close relation to the Buddhist images from places as far away as Longdong and Guanzhong.As one of the most important early Buddhist grottoes and collections of engravings in north Shaanxi,these artifacts have enriched the physical evidence of Buddhist history during the period of the Northern Dynasties and are of important value for studying the distribution,content,and characteristics of pictorial art in north Shaanxi on the north route of the Silk Road.