国内外社会空间分异测度研究综述

A review of social spatial segregation measurements

社会空间分异作为一个具有社会性及空间性的概念,其测度研究直接关系到隔离等级划分的合理性和有效性。本文根据不同历史时期空间分异测度研究所关注的视角,将社会空间分异测度研究分为早期萌芽阶段、多维度群体评估阶段、空间转向阶段、多模型多视角阶段等4个阶段,介绍了社会空间分异测度指标在各阶段的演变特点和主要测度指标,并对其中26个主要指数进行比较和分类,阐述各指数的适用范围和优缺点。分析国内社会空间分异相关研究现状,指出其存在多维度指标使用较少且多为实证性研究,空间分异测算方法缺少理论基础的不足。移动互联网和社交网络空间快速发展,对社会空间分异的测算方法提出新的要求;基于地理位置信息的个人行为空间交互数据和基于虚拟网络的赛博空间交互数据,为社会空间分异研究提供了新的研究视角。

Social spatial segregation is a concept of sociality and spatiality. Its measurement directly impacts the validity of the classification of segregation degrees. According to the different focuses of spatial segregation research through its development, the author divides social spatial segregation study into the following stages: the beginning from the 1950 s to the 1970s; the multi-dimensional group assessment stage in the 1980s; switching to a spatial focus in the 1990s; multi-modeling and multi-perspective period in the 2000 s to date. This review introduces the main features of different approaches, the social background against which the developments occurred,and the main measurement indices and models of each stage. Socio-spatial segregation research started relatively late in China. It can be divided into an early embryonic stage from the 1980 s to the 1990 s and the vigorous development stage from 2000 to present. Socio-spatial segregation research in China involved mostly empirical studies with aspatial measures of segregation, which cannot solve the modifiable areal unit problem beyond the census tract and thus made little theoretical contribution to the ongoing debates. Segregation research often used more traditional segregation indices, lacking multi-dimensional spatial-correction segregation methods. The papers reviewed were not based on previous research and cross- fertilization did not seem to occur. As a result, a unified paradigm has not appeared. The rapid development of mobile Internet and social network space in the past few years put forward new demands to the social spatial segregation calculation method. On the other hand,location- based personal behavioral data and virtual network- based cyberspace interactive data provide a new perspective for socio-spatial segregation study.