中国农村家庭的震后生活恢复过程研究

Post-earthquake household recovery in rural China

灾后恢复是一个随时间不断变化发展的过程。本文以2008年四川汶川Ms8.0级地震为巨灾案例,2009年云南姚安Ms6.0级地震为中小型灾害案例,对农村灾区家庭进行随机入户调查。基于1094份有效问卷,运用恢复曲线,研究受灾家庭的生活恢复随时间变化的规律,对比不同灾害强度对恢复重建过程的影响。结果表明:家庭恢复过程具有明显的阶段性,根据恢复速率的变化,可分为应急期、恢复前期、恢复中期,恢复后期。巨灾和中小型灾害在恢复历时、恢复过程方面存在较大不同:中小型灾害生活恢复的过程相对较短,绝大多数重损家庭在灾后20个月完成恢复,中损家庭为18个月,二者相差较小;巨型灾害恢复过程整体历时较长,大多数中损家庭在灾后68个月才完成恢复,重损家庭的生活恢复整体滞后于中损家庭1年以上,并且随着时间的推移,受灾程度对恢复过程的影响越来越突出。

Disaster recovery is a process that constantly changes over time. Using the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake in Sichuan, China as a case of catastrophe, and the 2009 Yao'an Ms6.0 earthquake in Yunnan, China as a case of small and medium-sized disaster, a random household survey was conducted in the disaster-stricken rural areas. Based on 1094 valid questionnaires and the derived recovery curves and by comparing the effect of different disaster intensities on the process of restoration and reconstruction, this study examined how the earthquake- stricken families recovered over time. The findings of the research show that the process of household recovery clearly had different phases, and can be divided, according to the recovery rate, into emergency phase, early phase, middle phase, and late phase. A catastrophe differed from a small or mediumsized disaster in terms of recovery duration and recovery process: for a small or medium- sized disaster, the process of household recovery lasted 20 months for a severely affected family and 18 months for a moderately affected family, which means household recovery was relatively short. For a catastrophe, the process of household recovery lasted relatively long. The effect of the degree of influence on recovery process was increasingly more prominent. Recovery lasted 68 months for a moderately affected family from a catastrophe,while it takes one year longer for a severely affected family is about one year more, and thus become more difficult over time.