高铁对中国城市可达性格局的影响分析

Impact of High-speed Railway on Spatial Pattern of Chinese Cities' Accessibility

基于列车时刻表数据,以地级城市为研究对象,通过提取两两中心城市间的最短交通时间,以平均可达性为度量指标,测算了全国31个中心城市的可达性水平,分析了高铁对中心城市可达性格局的影响。依据中心城市到全国地级城市的最短交通时间提取全国31个中心城市的一日交流圈范围,分析了中心城市的高铁效应,并选择北京、上海、广州、武汉、重庆5个中心城市作为典型案例,分析和探讨一日交流圈空间格局变化的影响因素。结果表明:1中心城市可达性水平与城市的空间区位及城市的对外交通条件关联密切;2高铁网络的发展使中心城市的可达性水平有所提升,受城市所处的空间区位及高铁建设条件的影响,不同城市的可达性改善程度存在差距;3高铁对中心城市一日交流圈范围拓展的影响显著且呈东中西差异分布,中心城市一日交流圈覆盖的地级市数量增加,在城市密集地区,地级市被叠加覆盖的次数增长;4中心城市一日交流圈的拓展与高铁线路布局走向一致,优越的中心地理位置有利于中心城市交流圈范围的扩大,地形、水域等地理障碍则会限制城市交流圈在不同方向上的拓展;5高铁网络的发展对改善城市可达性的作用正逐渐赶超城市空间区位对城市可达性水平的影响。

Railway is an important way of transportation to combine Chinese cities, and its upgrading plays an important role in improving spatial pattern of cities′ accessibility. Having selected prefecture-level cities as study objects and extracted the shortest-time distances between every two central cites based on data from train schedule, the article calculated the accessibility of 31 central cities by employing the indicator of average accessibility, and analyzed the impact of high-speed railway on central cities′ accessibility. Then the daily communication areas of 31 central cities are abstrcted and the effects of high-speed railway is explored. What′ s more, five cities were selected—Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan and Chongqing as typical cases to analyze factors which influenced their spatial patterns of daily communication areas. Results are shown as follows. 1) The accessibility of central city is closely related to spatial location and external traffic condition of the city. 2) High-speed railway network has promoted the accessibility of all central cities, but different city has different improved degree of accessibility under the influence of city′ s spatial location and construction condition of high-speed railway. 3) The impact of high-speed railway on expanding daily communication areas of Chinese cities is significant and it distributes in the east, middle and west zones. Meanwhile, the number of prefecture-level cities covered by daily communication areas is increasing, and these cities are covered by more central cities′ daily communication areas in urban populated areas. 4) The expansion of central city′ s daily communication area is in step with the layout of high-speed railway. Besides, the superior geographic position will be beneficial to the expansion of central city′ s daily communication area, but terrain and water and other geographical barriers will limit its expansion on different direction. 5) The impact of high-speed railway is gradually catching up and will surpass the impact of city′ s spatial location on improving cities′ accessibility.