文化遗产旅游地的空间生产与认同研究——以无锡惠山古镇为例

The Production of Space and Identity in Cultural Heritage Tourism Destination:A Case Study of Huishan Ancient Town in Wuxi,China

旅游开发下的文化遗产旅游地无锡惠山古镇经历着"地方传统"和"现代发展"的冲突与融合。基于文献信息分析法,对空间生产、认同及其在古镇研究中的应用情况进行了梳理;采用参与观察法、深度访谈话语分析法以及影视人类学摄影法对古镇物理、社会和文化多维空间的生产情况进行了调查,并对多元主体认同倾向进行了分析。结果表明,在这场空间转变过程中,古镇物理空间出现资本的空间化形态,社会空间呈现非共同体化、联接业缘化、流动性增强、主体泛化下功能和交往的社会性,文化空间出现混合文化嵌套并存结构。针对多维空间的生产,居民、社会精英和部分游客表现出人本主义认同倾向,侧重主观性构建内生认同;空间开发主导者、开发商和另一部分游客出现结构主义认同倾向,侧重从一种再生产视角观察问题,强调以过程和建构为主。在对社区居民调研中发现,居民对旅游开发表达出"不要无感增长,需要有感发展"的认同倾向,根本上反映了旅游开发成果能否反馈于居民并能共同分享的问题,值得引起关注。认同从根本上说是关涉文化的,而文化总是表现出流变性,如何使生产出来的文化既开放又多元,既让居民和游客无感疑惑,又不心生迷惘,需要保持古镇先进文化的独立性、传承性和生产的方向性,积极营造"第三空间"之上的文化平衡。

Under the background of tourism developing, Huishang ancient town, a cultural heritage and tourist destination, is experiencing the conflict and integration between local tradition and modern development.Based on documental analysis, the thesis teased out the documents on space production, space identity and the application of them in ancient town research. Applying the method of participant observation, in-depth interview content analysis and tomography of anthropological film, it also made a survey on the production of the physical, social and multi-cultural space in Huishan ancient town as well as analyzed the tendency of the multi-body identity. During the transformation, the physical space of the ancient town tends to be capitalized;social space tends to be a non-community with connection of business and industry relation. The Greater liquidity of it is increasing. The function and association of it tend to be socialized with the main body generalizing. Different culture appears to be mixed and coexists in cultural space. The residents, elites and some tourists show the tendency of humanistic identity and focus on the internal identity formed subjectively. Space developing leaders, developers and some tourists show the tendency of structuralistic identity and focus on observing problems with a perspective of regeneration. They emphasize the process and construction. Study shows the identity tendency that the residents prefer tangible development to intangible increase. This basically reflects that it is remarkable whether the result of tourism development can meet the needs of the residents and be shared with them. Identity is basically culture related. But culture always tends to be rheologic. In order to keep the culture produced open and multiple, make the residents and tourists not be doubted or confused, the independence, inheritance and orientation of production in ancient town should be maintained. Culture balance based on the third space should be constructed actively.