辽东北部地区中全新世聚落时空演变及其自然环境背景

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Natural Environmental Background of the Middle Holocene Settlements in the Northeastern Liaoning Province

对辽东北部地区中全新世聚落遗址的时空特征进行分析研究,结合辽东北部地区的自然环境背景,探讨自然环境变迁与聚落遗址时空分布的关系。结果表明:①研究区全新世文化序列可分为新乐下层时期-后洼上层时期-偏堡时期-北沟时期,各时期遗址数量及在总数中的比重均呈现出先增后降再增的'N'型变化趋势。②各期遗址点高程大多分布在0~200 m地区且高程分布呈先增后降的倒'V'型变化;从坡度和坡向来看,各期遗址主要分布于0°~6°间平缓地区,除后洼上层时期外均分布于阳坡半阳坡且各时期聚落均表现出逐河而居的特征。③新乐下层时期,古人类受气候影响选择居于平原区较高海拔处,以避开潮湿低洼地带;后洼上层时期,下辽河平原的古人类为躲避洪水侵袭而选择远离河流的更高海拔处,而辽东山地地区后洼上层文化居民向高处迁徙的同时仍倾向于近河流居住以利用良好的渔猎环境;偏堡时期,受降温事件打击,为寻求更为温暖且食物充足的驻地,古人类从山地进入平坦温暖的平原。北沟时期,气候寒冷干燥,海侵进入衰退期,古人类开始向相对温暖的沿海地带进发,在原先被海水淹没的地区定居。

ArcGIS technology is used to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Holocene settlements in northeastern of Liaoning Province.Based on the natural environment background in northeastern of Liaoning Province,the relationship between site distribution and the changes of the natural environment is discussed.The results show that:1)The Holocene cultural sequence in the study area is divided into the lower layer of Xinle period,the upper layer of Houwa period,the Pianbao period and the Beigou period,the number of sites and their proportion in the total number in the study area are firstly increasing and then decreasing and lastly increasing in a‘N’-shape tend.2)The site elevation of each site is mostly distributed in the area of0-200 m,and the elevation distribution shows an inverted‘V’-shaped change which firstly increasing and then decreasing.From the perspective of slope and the aspect of view,the settlement sites are mainly distributed in the range of 0-6°in the gentle areas,all of the sites in the sunny and semi-sunny slope except for the upper layer of Houwa period;Settlements in different periods showed the characteristics of riverside dwelling.3)During the lower layer of Xinle period(7 000-6 000 cal.aBP),the humans were selected by the climate to be at a higher elevation in the plain area to avoid the humid low-lying area.During the upper layer of Houwa period(6 000-5 500 cal.aBP),the humans in the lower Liaohe Plain chose to move away from the river at a higher altitude to avoid flooding,while the upper-level cultural inhabitants of the Liaodong Mountain area migrated to the higher places while still prefer to live near the river to take advantage of the good fishing and hunting environment;During the Pianpu period(5 500-4 500 cal.aBP),it was hit by the cooling event,in order to seek a warmer and more food-rich station,the ancient humans entered the flat and warm plain from the mountains;During the Beigou period(4 500-4 000 cal.aBP),the climate was cold and dry,and the transgression entered a period of decline,the humans began to move toward the relatively warm coastal zone and settled in the area previously flooded by the sea.