基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究

Residential segregation of new migrants in Guangzhou,China: A study of the 6th census

运用第六次全国人口普查数据,分析当前广州新移民的居住空间分异问题,探讨中国大城市新移民居住空间的整体格局、分异程度及其分异机制,并以此实证中国城市社会空间理论。研究表明:广州新移民的空间分布总体上表现出近郊集中和远郊分散的特征,其中省内新移民较多集中在中心区外围,省外新移民集中分散在远郊。广州新移民与本地常住人口的差异指数为0.48,分异指数为0.46,隔离指数为0.56,超过美国亚裔移民分异的平均水平。此外,各区的分异度水平存在较大差异。机制分析表明,历经30多年的市场化进程,制度因素对新移民聚居区的影响减弱,单位因素对新移民聚居无明显影响,市场因素的作用增强。与西方情况类似,人口和家庭因素对新移民聚居有一定影响,其中年龄因素和婚姻状况是影响新移民聚居的重要因素。总体上,市场化下中国城市新移民的社会隔离正不断转化为明显的空间分异问题。为推进社会融合,应尽快采取社会空间重构措施(如社会规划和社区规划)予以应对。

This study examines the residential segregation of new migrants in Chinese cities with a case of Guangzhou, using the newly available 6th census data of 2010. The aim of the study is to explore the pattern, extent as well as mechanism of migrant residential segregation in transitional China. It is found that migrants of Guangzhou aggregate around the inner suburb of the city, whilst their distribution in the outer suburb is more sporadic. Moreover, the distribution of provincial migrants, e.g. those from regions within Guangdong province, is relatively more aggregated towards areas around the central city, whilst those from other provinces aggregate into far suburbs. A major contribution of this study is the examination of the extent of migrant segregation in 2010, it is found that the segregation index is higher, 0.482,than the level of Asian immigrant segregation in the US cities. Moreover, the concentration index of migrants is 0.564, also high. Moreover, using regression models, we further examine the factors that contribute to the segregation of migrants in post-reform Guangzhou. It is found that the impacts of institutional factors such as hukou and work- unit status are decreasing,whilst that of market factors is increasing. In addition, demographic factors as well as family factors are statistically significant, among which the impacts of age and marriage status are the most prominent, those communities with a low proportion of aged population, or those with higher level of married couples have higher possibility to become migrant enclaves. Above all,the high segregation of migrants suggests that social stratification of post-reform urban China is exacerbated by spatial segregation. Space has become an important dimension of post- reform China's great transformation. It calls for further efforts of the state to undertake socio- spatial strategies such as social planning to achieve integration.