工作母亲的职业新困境及其化解——以单独二孩政策为背景

New family planning policy and career development of working mothers

生育与抚养行为给女性的职业发展带来负面影响。因生育而导致的职业中断会造成女性的人力资本贬值,并形成独特的母亲就业模式。为了适应照顾者的角色,已育女性普遍倾向于母亲友好型职业。这种向下的职业流动不仅使生育对于女性的职业惩罚效应长期存在,还固化了劳动力市场中已有的性别隔离。而母亲身份所导致的雇主歧视则贯穿于女性职业生涯的始终,并将生养行为对已育女性职业的负面影响叠加发挥至更甚。而"单独二孩"政策的推行则有可能激化上述负面效应,因此,借鉴发达国家的家庭政策实践,可推导出我国家庭政策的努力方向:一是生育成本社会化,二是生育假期政策与"挽留性"政策双管齐下。以此激励已育女性就业、平衡工作─家庭关系。

Child-bearing and child-rearing result in the devaluation of human capital of women,thus hindering theircareer development. Their downward job mobility caused by the role of nurturers reinforces the gender inequalityin labor market. The ill effect of being a mother along with the discrimination against women will have a disas-trous impact on the career life of working mothers. The new family planning policy stipulates that'if either par-ent is an only child,then they are eligible to have two children of their own,'which may turn out to be a facilita-tor of this adversity. The developed countries can be an object lesson in how to make family planning policy in fa-vor of working mothers.