民国时期的博物馆理事会及其启示

Museum Governance and the Board of Trustees:A Reference from the Republican Period

我国民国时期博物馆的内部管理普遍沿用欧美模式实行理事会制度,对理事资格、理事遴选、理事会的组织运行和功能皆有具体规定,理事会和馆长间既相对独立、又相互关联,从而实现博物馆的高效管理。目前国有博物馆的内部管理体制主要沿用苏联模式,民办博物馆则大约有30%建立了理事会制度。今后我国博物馆可借鉴民国时期理事会建设的有益经验,通过明确博物馆理事的任职资格和遴选机制;调整博物馆与主管部门的隶属关系,变主管部门微观管理为宏观管理;出台博物馆相关法律法规,确定博物馆理事会的法律地位及其运行细则;实施主管部门差额拨款、理事会负责部分筹款等途径探索实施理事会制度。

Chinese museums in the Republican period generally followed the European and American model to have the board of trustees for governance. The duties and powers of trustees and their appointments as well as the operation and role of the board were specifically regulated by a set of code. The board and the director were independent but connected at the same time, which ensured a high efficiency in museum governance and management. Today in the PRC, while 30% of private museums have established governance by board of trustees, most of the state-owned museums are still following the Soviet Union model. The experience of museums in the Republican time may set a reference to current museums in China in establishing museum board governance, which can be explored in the following ways: to define the qualification and appointments of trustees; to turn the governance by the supervising government body over the museum from micro to macro so that the museum is no longer a passive subordinate of the government; to legislate the board as the highest authority regarding museum governance and set rules for its operation; to encourage the museum funding to be partly raised by the board and partly assigned by the government.