统一规则模式下监护制度的不足与完善——立基于《民法总则》的评议

Deficiency and improvement of the Unified regulation model in regard of the diversity of guardianship system

《民法总则》沿用《民法通则》的做法,对监护制度作为整体进行统一规定。然而这一规制模式却存在诸多缺陷。一方面,统一规则模式将监护与行为能力制度紧密挂钩,限制了监护的适用范围,扼杀了监护措施的多元化发展,对于人身监护的内容也缺乏重视;另一方面,《民法总则》监护部分所规定的内容,也显示了立法者在"全体"规范模式与"总分"规范模式选择上的犹豫不决。对监护制度的未来完善可从两方面着手实现:首先在民法典分则,尤其是婚姻家庭编中完成监护制度"分则"的制定;其次在法律适用过程中,由法院实现监护人选任的司法化,并且通过对《民法总则》条文的解释,促成成年监护制度的多样化。

The General Part of Civil Code maintains the structure of the General principles of Civil Code, and treats the problem of guardianship as a whole. However, this legislative method has several defaults. On one hand, it ties together guardianship and legal capacity system, which limits the application of the guardianship system, prevents the diversity of measures of protection from developing, and pays little attention to the personal aspect of protection;on the other hand, the contents of The General Part of Civil Code on guardianship reveals the hesitation of legislatures as to the roles attributed to them. Further improvement of the guardianship system can take two directions: Firstly, the special parts of Civil Code, and especially that related to the marriage and family, can serve as the ’special part’ of the guardianship legislation;secondly, during the application of the new law, judges can realize the judicialization of the guardian-nominating procedure, and promote the diversification of protection measures.