量子力学的两个研究纲领

Two Research Programmes of Quantum Mechanics

拉卡托斯的科学研究纲领方法论认为,科学是靠不同的研究纲领竞争淘汰而发展的。这些研究纲领由指导性的“硬核”和保护性的“辅助假设”组成。本文借用“科学研究纲领”概念,在近年科学史家研究的基础上,考察爱因斯坦和玻尔不同的量子纲领及其对薛定谔波动力学和海森伯矩阵力学创立的影响。值得指出的是,早在拉卡托斯之前,爱因斯坦和玻尔就用过纲领(programme)来分析科学的发展,描述自己的科学目标和方法。爱因斯坦认为,从牛顿的“力学纲领”

Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr pursued two rival research programs to solve the'quantum riddle' that led to the creations of Erwin Schrodinger's wave mechanics and Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics. In the end, quantum mechanics, with the adoption of Max Born's probability interpretation and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, clearly came to represent more the Bohr program. Nevertheless, the Einstein program made important contributions to the clarification of its physical and philoso- phical foundations, as evidenced in Bohr's omplementarity idea, not to say that its gaol of unifying physics (including quantum physics) by a field theory is as valid as ever. Contrary to Lakatos' methodology of scientific research programs, neither Bohr's nor Einstein's was a 'degenerating' program.