礼学经世:从京师到地方的视角转换——曾国藩学术思想补说

Ritual Practice:Perspective Transition from Capital to Local Affairs——Supplementary Analysis on Zeng Guofan’s Academic Thought

曾国藩的学术与事功成就建立于道光与咸丰、同治时期。道光中后期,曾氏理学思想奠基,逐渐形成汉宋会通的学术思想,同时着手经史之学,期以经世。咸同间曾氏治军在外,其视角由京师向地方转换,学术思想发生由理到礼的演进,表现为'礼学经世',然其本质特征是以礼合理。一方面,曾氏抓住唐宋以来通礼编纂所体现的制度与仪节属性的双重面向,在政事层面发挥其制度性价值,在伦常层面发挥其规范性价值。另一方面,又把礼所关乎的道德修养问题由新儒学以来的心性问题转化为传统礼学的仁义问题,以维护礼的等级差异,从而提升个人修养,规约伦常习俗,引导社会风气,将礼推向经世致用。曾氏礼学体现了礼与理的相互勾联、相需为用特质,具有鲜明的朱子礼学思想取向。

Zeng Guofan’s academic,military and political achievements were established during the period of Daoguang,Xianfeng and Tongzhi.In the middle and late Daoguang period,Zeng Guofan’s Neo-Confucianism laid the foundation for his academy and formed the Han-Song Communication thought gradually.At the same time,he began to study the historical and Confucian classics,preparing for executive affairs in the future.But soon he ruled the army during Xianfeng and Tongzhi period,and his perspective was transitioned from the capital to the local affairs,the evolution of the academic thought from Neo-Confucianism to the rite manifested itself as a'ritual practice',but its essential characteristic was ritual practice based on Neo-Confucianism.On the one hand,Zeng Guofan has grasped the dual orientation of the institution and ceremony attributes embodied in the compilation of Tong Rites(通礼)since the Tang and Song dynasties,exerting its institutional value at the level of government administration,and exerting its normative value at the level of ceremony.On the other hand,the question of moral cultivation related to rites has been transformed from the core issues of Neo-Confucianism to the issue of benevolence and righteousness of traditional rites,in order to maintain the grading differences of rituals,thereby enhancing individual cultivation,ethic and customs,and guiding social value.Rites were applied to practice.Zeng Guofan’s ritual thought embodied the mutual connection between rites and Neo-Confucianism and a clear ideological orientation of Zhu Xi’s rites.