应激状态下核电厂操纵员认知控制模式及失误分析

Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant Operators’ Cognitive control mode and Error under Stressful Conditions

采用情景认知的思想,从整体上分析应激所造成的认知行为失误,在充分重视情景作用的同时也强调认知评价和调节对应激水平的最终决定作用。将Hancock和Hockey的应激模型与Hollnagel的情景控制模型相结合,提出了基于情景控制模式的应激影响模型,着重探讨了应激对整个认知控制模式而非单个认知成分的影响。从整体层面来看,个体所采用的认知控制模式与当时的实际情景不匹配是应激导致认知失误的主要机制。该机制主要包含三种模式:应激情景的感知判断错误及应激状态的控制调节失败,固着于某一不当的认知控制模式而不移动或移动延迟,认知控制模式转移方向错位。该模型可为人因可靠性领域的应激研究提供一个新的分析框架。

The effects of stressful context on cognitive error were analyzed as a whole by taking a situated view of cognition.Both context factors and cognitive appraisal process played a very significant role in deciding operator’s final stress level.Through combining hancock and hockey’s stress adaptation model with hollnagel’s contextual control model,this paper presented a stress effecting model based on contextual control mode.It mainly focused stress effects on the integral cognitive control mode rather than cognitive component of the individual.At the holistic level,the mismatch of cognitive control mode between the perceived situation and actual situation was the primary mechanism which stressors lead to cognitive errors.The mechanism largely had three patterns.The first pattern was the misjudgement of a stressful situation or failures in regulating stress response.The second pattern was the fixation on an improper cognitive control mode or the delay of cognitive control mode shifting.The last pattern was the wrong direction of transitions between different cognitive control modes.The proposed model provided a new analytical framework for the research on stress effects in the field of human reliability analysis.