布伦塔诺与价值观认知

Brentano and the Cognition of Values

布伦塔诺是一般价值理论的引领者。他从表象概念切入,区分三种意向性关系类别:表象自身,判断,感情—意动反应。在对后两种类别的分析中,布伦塔诺发现相似的二元性,借此他完成对价值观与认知的勾连。在随后的一般价值理论建构中,布伦塔诺既反对理性决定论,强调感觉经验在价值评价中的终极地位;又反对主观主义,认为我们有能力运用正当偏好决定这些不同好的序列等级。因此追求"最高实践好"是可能的。在实践领域,布伦塔诺拒斥"狂热主义者",反对忽略现实条件,追求不可能的事物。然而,布伦塔诺伦理学的立场根本上是神学的,与其选择的经验性进路存在不可避免的张力。

Brentano is the vanguard of the general theory of value.He starts from the concept of Presentation,distinguishing between three fundamental classes of mental phenomena:presentational experiences,judgments,and affective-conative responses.In the analysis of the latter two classes,Brentano finds that they share the duality,which he uses to bridge between the value and cognition.In the subsequent construction of general theory of value,Brentano not only rejects rational determinism,underlying that feelings play a terminal role in valuations;but also repulses the subjectivism,by claiming that we are capable of preferences that are right which determines the rankorder of diverse goods.Therefore it is possible to pursue the highest practical good.In practical field,Brentano also repudiates 'enthusiasts'who forget the actualities of their own existence and keep reaching for the impossible.However,Brentano's basic position is theistic,which shows a great tension with his empirical approach to value theory.