形式与视角——论前后期维特根斯坦的反科学主义

Form and Perspective——On Early and Later Wittgenstein's Anti-Scientism

维特根斯坦的反科学主义贯穿于其前后期思想之中,彼此之间存在内在的连续性,都是在视角主义的基础上反对科学主义单一看待世界的方式。然而,前后期的反科学主义立场和不同时期的核心观点紧密相连,显示出不同思想背景下的独特性。前期维特根斯坦提倡了"逻辑-神秘"的双重视角,并且其反科学主义隐藏在相关的论述之中;后期维特根斯坦主张"诸语言游戏"的多元视角,其反科学主义立场表现地异常鲜明。他的反科学主义建立在对科学本质的认识基础之上,指出科学只是对待世界方式中的一种形式,不具有压倒其他方式的绝对优越性质。他强调每个时代都有其独特的看待世界的方式,通过转变视角,才能正确看待世界,从而解答生活意义问题。

Wittgenstein’s anti-scientism runs through both his early and later thoughts,implying the internal continuity of his philosophy.Based on perspectivism,they both reject the single scientific method to see the world. However,during these two periods, Wittgenstein’s antiscientism appears differently and correlates with central ideas at different times,which reflects the uniqueness under different thoughts’ backgrounds.The early Wittgenstein advocates a dualperspective of logic and the mystery,and his anti-scientism is hidden in the relevant statements;by contrast,he maintains the multiple-perspectives of language games in his later time,which is explicitly expressed in his work.His anti-scientism is based on the recognition of the nature of science,and points out that science is just one method to look at the world,which does not have priority to overwhelm others.He emphasizes that every epoch has its particular method to see the world,and only by the shift of perspectives can we see the world correctly and thus answer the question concerning the meaning of life.