新疆冬小麦品种更替中农艺性状演变和发展方向的研究

Studies on Evolution and Its Tendency of Agronomic Characters of Winter Wheat during Cultivar Alternation in Xinjiang

本文研究了新疆冬小麦4个推广时期的32个代表品种农艺性状的演变趋势。结果表明:在冬小麦品种更替中,农艺性状的演变趋势表现为株高明显下降;穗粒数、穗粒重、收获指数和单株粒重大幅度增加;千粒重趋于稳定,单株穗数趋向减少;生物学产量变化不大。决定冬小麦品种单株产量的首要因素是每穗粒重,影响每穗粒重的主要因素是每穗粒数。今后新疆冬小麦产量育种应主攻穗粒数,采取增多结实小穗数,适当控制小穗粒数,稳定千粒重的途径;要继续降低株高至90—95厘米,以提高收获指数;不必要强调对单株穗数的选择。

The changing trends of the agronomic characters of thirtytwo winter wheat cultivars developed in four different periods (1950s,1960s,1970s,1980s) were studied in 1985 and 1987.The results indicated that the plant height significantly decreased;kernels per spike,kernel weight per spike,harvest index and kernel weight per plant greatly increased;1000-kernel weight tends to be stable and heads per plant tends to become decreased.The changes of the yield biomass in the alternation of the cultivars was not significant.Among the yield components kernel weight per spike was the first factor to improve the yield.But the kernels per spike was the main factor to affect the kernel weight per spike.The harvest index and the numbers of the spikelets of the cultivars in use were more important than those developed in the past. On the basis of this studies,it was suggested that the kernels per spike and the numbers of the spikelets should be raised,the numbers of the kernels per spikelets should be controlled and the 1000-kernel weight should be stabilized.In the mean- while,it must be stressed that the plant height should be reduced to 90—95cm so as to increase the harvest index.The selection of the heads per plant is not important.