汉武帝“始立乐府”的真正含义及其礼乐问题

A Study on the Implication and its Ceremony and Music of Hanwu Emperor Establishing Yue Fu

关于汉武帝“立乐府”的含义为何,已是学术界争议很久的问题了,或云史书此说不确,或云有官名与官署的差异,或云并非实指、乃后人追记所致,或曰为泛称使然,或云是“再建或扩充”的意思。通过对文本文献、考古资料等细致梳理,综合考察,文章认为,乐府的基本含义乃乐器之府,又兼管俗乐乐章、审音及器物保管等事项。“立”在此有加封、予以名分的意思,武帝“立乐府”的内涵在于使乐府的根本职能及政治、社会地位发生了本质变化,除乐器、宫廷娱乐乐章等事项外,被立后的乐府还兼掌大部分的雅乐,拥有了原由太常职掌的“协律”的身份,官级由原来的乐府令六百石,而变为协律都尉,挂二千石印绶。而所以立乐府,是和武帝时期由原来的礼制建设向所谓礼乐建设转变的要求相关联的,其最直接的原因是李夫人的得宠、李延年因此得以显贵,李夫人生有皇子及其临终时对武帝的嘱托等等。文章对学术界存有争议的武帝“立乐府”问题进行了综合考察,认为“立”有加封予以名分之意。武帝“立乐府”使得乐府的根本职能及政治社会地位发生了本质变化。立乐府与武帝时期礼制建设向礼乐建设的转变要求及李夫的得宠等皆有关联。

In academic field,there is a disputation about reason and his relevant concern why Hanwu Emperor establishing Yue Fu(乐府).Some scholars believe that the records in relevant documentations are uncertain; while others argue it is different between official rank and government office. By thorough survey and examination,the author holds that the fundamental meaning of Yue Fu is an institution of musical instruments.The major func- tion of Yue Fu is to in charge of musical movements of popular music,decide on the criterion of tunes,as well as take care of various musical instruments. Here,the word of establish means to promote.The original aim of Hanwu Emperor establishing Yue Fu is to shift its function,social and political sta- tus.In addition to charging musical instruments and movements of royal mu- sic,the setup of Yue Fu also controls majority of elegant music,owning the rank of Xiel(?)(协律),and the rank changed from the Yuefu-ling-600- dan(乐府令六百石)into Xiel(?)-duwei(协律都尉)with 2000-dan - shouying(挂二千石绶印).The primary cause for establishing Yue Fu is closely connected with the requirement to change the ceremonial rites to cere- monial music in the times of Hanwu Emperor.Its direct reason is Lady Li ap- preciated by Hanwu Emperor and her brother,Li Yannian,is promoted.