论《儒林外史》中的文人交往

A Study on Social Interactions among Scholars in The Scholars

清代小说《儒林外史》记载了各式各样的文人交往。通过与传统所倡导的交友之道即忠恕、诚信、从义不从利、适度原则相对照,该小说中的文人交往呈现出如下特点:第一,文本中超过半数的文人交往颠覆了传统;第二,符合传统所倡导的交友之道的文人交往集中在贤人和下层人物身上,而以下层人物为主的交往尤其值得重视;第三,解构与建构交叉进行。本文亦阐述了《儒林外史》中的文人交往之所以会有上述特点的原因:一是与作者的际遇有关;二是与明清两代的友道观念有关;三是与《儒林外史》的选材和写作目的有关。

The novel The Scholars from the Qing Dynasty documented a variety of social interactions among scholars. In contrast with the traditional principles of making friends such as forgiveness、integrity Justice、appropriateness, the social interactions among scholars in the novel shows the following characteristics:first,more than half of the interactionss in the novel disobey the traditions;second,the interactions which are in line with the traditional principles of making friends center on sages and characters from a low social class,and the interactions among characters from a low social class deserve special attention;third,Deconstruction and Construction carry out simultaneously.This paper elaborates on the reason for such characteristics:first,the fate of the author;second,the principles of making friends in the Ming and Qing dynasties;third,the topic and writing purposes of The Scholars.