植物-昆虫间的化学通讯及其行为控制

Plant-insect Chemical Communication and Its Behavior Control

在植物与昆虫间的化学通讯中植物气味物质起着决定性的作用 ,它调控着昆虫的多种行为 ,诸如引诱昆虫趋向寄主植物 ,刺激昆虫取食 ,引导昆虫选择产卵场所 ,进行传粉和防御昆虫等。有些植物则当受到食植性昆虫危害时会释出一些引诱害虫天敌的化学信号。这些化学信号是一些挥发性萜类混合物 ,天敌昆虫就以此来区分受害和未受害植株。尽管目前在害虫综合治理中 ,昆虫信息素的应用越来越显得比天然植物气味源更受重视 ,但是必须指出的是 ,昆虫信息化合物首次成功地使用于植物保护的却是天然植物气味源。在利用植物气味源作害虫测报和防治中 ,近年来一种简单价廉的粘胶诱捕器己成为多种害虫的标准测报工具。在害虫综合治理中利用植物气味源的技术显然是具有不可估量的潜力。文中提出了利用基因工程技术来改造植物 ,使植物能释放特定的驱避剂或其它控制昆虫行为的特殊气味物质的新概念。

Plant volatile chemicals play a decisive role in the plant insect chemical communication, and regulating insect behaviors, such as attracting insect toward host plant, promoting insect feeding or orienting insect to oviposition site or pollination of flowers and defense. Several plants, when injured by herbivorous insects emit chemical signals to attract natural enemies of these insects. These chemical signals are blends of volatile terpenoids among other compounds that are released by plants, leading insect to distinguish between infested and un infested plants. Although the use of pheromones for insect pest management has attracted much more attention than plant volatiles, it should be emphasized that the first efforts to apply semiochemicals for crop protection were made with natural plant volatile. Using plant volatile for monitoring and controlling insect pests, simple inexpensive sticky traps have become standard monitoring tools for many insect pests in recent years. The technology of use of plant volatile in integrated pest management of insect pests appears to have virtually limitless possibilities and can provide the impetus for development of new and novel methods of insect pest suppression. Genetic manipulation of genes responsible for the synthesis of plant volatile, with special repellent odor, or some specific volatile for controlling insect behavior has been suggested.