全球伦理的可能性:“金规则”的三种模式

The Possibility of Global Ethics: Three Models of Golden Rules

本文将世界各大文明中普遍存在的道德基本原则即以“己所不欲勿施于人”为代表的“金规则”区分为三个不同层次的模式,即1.“儒教—犹太教理解模式”,2.“基督教理解模式”,3.“康德理解模式”。作者指出,第一种模式未能摆脱等级、地位、种族、血缘等等外在的束缚,其适用性随着范围的扩大而缩小;第二种模式摆脱了外在世俗的束缚,将个人唯一地建立在“灵”之上,但未摆脱上帝权威的束缚,其普世性仍带有强制性;唯有第三种模式是建立在人人具有的个体人格和理性之上,是真正普适的道德律,其他形式的“金规则”都要从这一层次上来理解才会具有道德性,也唯有它才是真正适合于充当“全球伦理”的“金规则”的。其缺点是太理性,容易导致形式主义,但这是人性内部的问题,有待于进一步完善。

This paper attempts to differentiate three layers of models in the golden rules, which exist universally in the world civilization, that is, (1) the comprehension model of Confucianism-Jew; (2) the comprehension model of Christianity; (3) the comprehension model of Kant. The author points out that the first model could not get rid of such external fetters as classes, status, races, blood, etc.; and the second model is compelling because of the God's authority; and only the third model is the authentic universal moral discipline as it is established on the basis of individual character and rationality. This is the starting point of the moral comprehension of other forms of golden rules. Its weakness lies in the fact that it is too rational, and is liable to formalism. But anyway, it is a problem of human nature, and leaves much to be improved.