养老社会保险制度中的性别利益——兼评关于男女退休年龄的讨论

Gender Interests in the Old-age Social Insurance System——Also on Discussions on Statutory Retirement Age for Men and for Women

养老社会保险制度中有性别利益问题 ,即养老金在两性间的分配和男女劳动就业权利问题。由于与男性相比 ,女性的劳动参与率低、工资收入低、平均寿命高 ,具体保险规定的设计就可能在养老金分配上产生有利于女性或不利于女性的结果。评判性别利益公正与否的标准是 :1 养老社会保险应承担受保人长寿风险 ;2 在一般情况下 ,同时退休的男女职工退休金之差距应小于 等于其退休前工资之差距。根据这两条标准 ,可以判定我国现行养老社会保险制度在处理性别利益方面确实有不尽合理的地方。国家有关部门应及时修改不合理的规定 ,保证女性的正当利益。男女退休年龄如何规定 ,国际上没有统一标准。男女退休年龄的合理性取决于男女退休年龄差距是否真实体现了男女劳动效率的差距 ,也取决于政府。

Gender interests pose an issue for the old age social insurance system: the distribution of old age pensions differs between men and women. Given that women have a lower rate of labor participation, lower salary incomes and a longer average life span, are the specific insurance stipulations concerning the distribution of old age pension favorable to women? There are two criteria for judging the fairness of interests in terms of gender. · old age social insurance should cover the risks entailed in living longer. · under ordinary conditions, mens' and women's pensions should differ less than, or equal, their pre retirement salary differences. In these terms the old age social insurance system now in force has undeniable shortcoming in respect of gender interests.