两宋政府的少数民族赈济措施刍议——兼论宋朝民族政策的转变倾向

The Government's Relief Measures for the Ethnic Minorities in the Song Dynasty: Also on the Shift of the Minority Policy in the Song Dynasty

宋朝的社会救济事业在中国古代历史上是较为发达的，对少数民族的赈济是其中一个重要方面。其对西北(北方)地区少数民族的赈济，以安定边地社会为主要目的，方式上以生活性接济为主；对西南及南方地区少数民族的赈济，则是在国家势力南进及对该地区进行经济开发的过程中配合实施的，因此，方式上以生产型济助为主；对东北及北方地区少数民族的救济，则以笼络怀柔为主，方式上以居养安置为常见。这些措施的实施，对于进一步团结少数民族，稳定和巩固社会政治统治，促进少数民族地区社会经济发展，起到了一定的积极作用。从性质上看，两宋对少数民族的赈济仍属传统怀柔政策的延续，但也发生了明显的转变，即从对少数民族上层分子象征性的笼络逐渐转向对少数民族普通民众务实性的物质援助。

The social relief charity in the Song Dynasty, of which the relief for the ethnic minority was an important part, was remarkable in the ancient Chinese history. The relief provided by the Song government to the ethnic groups in the northwestern and northern areas was largely aimed to maintain the social stability in the frontier, with the means of livelihood as its main form. The relief provided to the ethnic groups in the southwestern and southern areas was carried out along with the southward expansion of state force and the economic development in the areas, with the productive assistance as its main form. The relief provided to the ethnic migrants from the northeastern and northern areas was aimed to win them over politically, with the resettlement as the main form. The implementation of these measures played a positive role as to unite the ethnic groups, to stabilize and strengthen the social and political rule, and to promote the social and economic development in the minority areas. Essentially, the relief provided to the minorities in the Song Dynasty remained a continuation of the previous accommodation policy. However, there emerged obvious modifications. And one of them was the gradual shift from the symbolic preferential treatment to the ethnic elite toward the pragmatic material assistance to the common ethnic people.