《四库全书总目》明子部的几个基本问题

A Few Basic Questions about Zi Division of the Ming Dynasty in The Comprehensive Table of Contents in Imperical Collection of Four Divisions

收录、归类、取舍、定位,不仅是《总目》明子部的几个基本问题,也是《总目》整个子部乃至经、史、子、集四部的几个基本问题。明代是子部著述及思想极其发达的时代。《总目》明子部文献总数达1250部,在整个《总目》子部文献2940部中占四成二强,但大多归于存目,少量进入著录,其存目率偏高、著录率偏低的事实反映了清代官学对明子部及思想的基本态度。与收录情况一样,官学性使《总目》明子部归类问题也变得十分复杂。《总目》明子部的取舍,虽含有与我们今天通常所讲去粗取精相通的思想,但主要体现了清代官学"严为去取"的文献态度。《总目》对明子部的总体定位过低,就像它对明经部、史部、集部定位一皆过低一样。这带来的是作为清代具有盖棺论定性质的官学著作对明代思想、学术、文化、文学、艺术等的整体评价的失允,也造成在整部《总目》中明代书籍批评的严苛甚至偏见。

Collection,classification,selection and positioning are not noly a few basic questions about Zi division of the Ming dynasty in The Comprehensive Table of Contents in Imperical Collection of Four Divisions,also basic questions of the whole Zi(子),Jing(经),Shi(史)and Ji(集)divisions in The Comprehensive Table of Contents in Imperical Collection of Four Divisions.The Ming dynasty was an era when Zi division’s writings and thoughts were extremely developed.The total number of literatures in Zi division of the Ming dynasty reaches 1250 pieces,accounting for more than 40% of the 2940 pieces of literatures in Zi division of The Comprehensive Table of Contents in Imperical Collection of Four Divisions.But most of them can be found in the catalogue,only a small number of them were recorded.The fact that the catalogue rate of the literatures is relatively high and the rate of recorded literatures was low reflects the basic attitude of the official school towards Zi division of the Ming dynasty and its thoughts.Similar to the situation of collection,the official school makes the classification of Zi division of the Ming dynasty in The Comprehensive Table of Contents in Imperical Collection of Four Divisions complicated.Although the selection of Zi division of the Ming dynasty contains the idea of eliminating the coarse and extracting the fine,it mainly reflects the official school’s literature attitude of 'strict selection' in the Qing dynasty.The overall positioning of Zi(子)division of the Ming dynasty in The Comprehensive Table of Contents in Imperical Collection of Four Divisions is too low,just as it is too low for Jing(经),Shi(史)and Ji(集)divisions of the Ming dynasty.This leads to the overall inappropriate evaluation of the Ming dynasty’s thoughts,scholarship,culture,literature,art and other aspects in the official works of the Qing dynasty,and also results in the harsh and even biased criticism of the Ming dynasty’s books in The Comprehensive Table of Contents in Imperical Collection of Four Divisions.