暴君抑或雄主:汉武帝在宋代的历史形象考察

A Tyrant or a Hero: a Study of Emperor Wu of Han's Historical Images in Song Dynasty

汉武帝在宋代的形象存在暴君和雄主两个偏向,这既与汉武帝本身的复杂性有关,也与宋代儒学复兴的思潮和民族对峙的时代特点有关。宋代知识界的整体背景是回向三代和致君尧舜,其主流思想贬抑汉武帝为近似秦始皇的暴君。而宋代帝王、新党官员群、南渡官员群则基于现实政治考量和挽救危机的目的,片面地和功利地肯定和凸显汉武帝的雄主形象。对汉武帝这样功业高出百王的伟大君主,主流知识界以暴君视之,反映了中国人崇尚王道、贬黜霸道的传统观念,这也历史地揭示了中国坚持和平发展的根据。

Emperor Wu of Han(汉武帝)had two images - a tyrant and a hero - in Song Dynasty,which are connected not only with his own complex personalities,but also the revival of Confucianism and military confrontations among several nationalities at the time. Since Song scholars idealize those times of the Three Generations(三代)and monarchs of Yao(尧)and Shun(舜),mainstream ideology regarded Emperor Wu of Han as a tyrant like the First Emperor of Qin. Nevertheless,Song monarchs and Xindang(新党)and Nandu(南渡) officers,from the view of political consideration and for the purpose of overcoming crisis,highlighted his image of a hero in a biased and utilitarian manner. The mainstream ideology which looks upon Emperor of Han,a monarch of significant achievement,as a tyrant,is a manifestation of the traditional Chinese mentality of honoring benevolent governance(王道)and denouncing domineering rules(霸道). This also historically reveals why China adheres to the idea of peaceful development.