西田哲学的再解释——作为行为的直观的面部表情

A Reinterpretation of Nishida's Philosophy: Facial Expression Considered from the Viewpoint of Intuition-Action

"行为性直观"是西田几多郎后期哲学的主要概念之一,这与其哲学中关于身体问题的思考密切相关。西田的身体观,是其寻求超越笛卡尔身体与精神的二元论而产生,他以身心表里一体来把握身体的问题。为此,他主张人对于"物"并不具有"主体"的优位性,人与物之间是相互创造、相互被创造的关系。一方面,身体在历史中被确立地位,同时创造、表现着历史的现实世界。西田所揭示的这种身体的意味,是一种表现、创造"物"的一种存在。然而,身体的这种表现,或者身体上的这种表现,从行为性直观的哲学来看究竟是如何得以阐明的呢?对于这一点西田几乎没有任何论述。本文拟聚焦人的身体中、特别是"颜面"的表情问题,对于在西田"行为性直观"的哲学中没有涉及到的这一身体表现的问题进行探究。

“Intuition-action” (行為的直観) is a major concept within Nishida’s later philosophizing. It is deeply connected with problems of the body. Nishida’s understanding of the body was born from a desire to overcome a Cartesian dualism between body and mind. For Nishida,the body and mind are grasped as two sides of what is fundamentally a whole. He stresses that the “subject” does not take precedence over the “thing” (物). Both are in an interdependent relationship whereby they create, and are created by, the other. Furthermore, the body is positioned within history, while at the same time it produces and expresses historical reality. The body which Nishida is pointing to here is therefore something which expresses and creates the “thing”. We might ask, however, how the expression of the body itself, or expressions using the body, are explained by way of this philosophy of intuition-action. Nishida does not delve into this point to any significant extent. In this paper the author will focus in particular on the problem of the expressions of the face, in order to investigate problems of bodily expression that were not taken up in detail in Nishida’s writings on the concept of intuition-action.