中国民族间发展的多重差异格局与差别化、协同性政策开发研究——论中国民族关系的新形态与民族政策的新体系

A Study on the Multiple Differential Structure of Development in China's Ethnic Areas and Exploiting the Differentiation and Collaborative Policy——On the New Form of China's Ethnic Relations and the New System of Ethnic Policies

我国对所有少数民族实行统一口径的差别化民族政策,对促进少数民族地区经济社会加快发展和缩小与汉族地区的历史发展差距,推进民族整合和国家建构发挥了重要效用。但在这种单项性差别化民族政策的实践中,不同少数民族之间、同一少数民族地区内部之间、同一少数民族不同分布地区之间出现了政策性差异和发展不平衡,并与整体少数民族与汉族发展差异共同构成了中国民族间发展的多重差异格局。这种差异格局体现了格局分布的地域性、原因生成的复杂性、局面维持的长期性和结构支撑的松散性。解构中国民族间发展的多重差异格局,需要在既有差别化政策基础上,强化各民族在市场容量、资源能源、人口规模、技术水平和发展资金方面的梯级差别化和复合协同性政策导向。

After 60 years of implementation,the ethnic regional autonomous policy has provided basic political support for promoting the common development and prosperity of all ethnic groups.Especially since the period of 'Reform and Opening Up 'began,the national preferential policies and support for ethnic minority areas gradually increased,and economic and social development in the ethnic minority areas clearly speeded up. According to official statistics,after more than 30 years of 'Reform and Opening Up',the economic growth rate of China's ethnic minority areas is higher than the national average. However,at the same time,the economic and social development gap between different ethnic groups has become more and more pronounced. The development of the ethnic groups has created a structure of multiple disparities,which fundamentally restricts ethnic unity,as well as political and social stability in ethnic areas of China. This structure of multiple disparities reflects the imbalances mainly in four aspects: 1)the ongoing large gap between the ethnic minority areas and Han Chinese regions remains; 2) the unequal economic and social development among the various ethnic minority people has expanded;3) the economic gap within the same ethnic minority autonomous region has gradually become more pronounced; and,4) the differences in develop-ment within the same ethnic group who live in various regions of China are also very obvious.The multiple inequalities of the economic and social development of China's ethnic groups add more complexity to the ethnic problems of China.The disparity in economic and social development between different ethnic groups is not only an economic problem,but is also a significant political issue. Hence,promoting a balanced economic and social development among the various ethnic groups has a very obvious practical significance for maintaining ethnic unity, promoting national integration,and maintaining national stability.Based on the discussion above,this article mainly explores which kind of ethnic policy can effectively resolve the multiple disparities found within ethnic development and is beneficial for promoting the integration of the various ethnic groups in China? On the basis of summarizing and reviewing approaches found in earlier research,the author puts forward the following core ideas:1) The economic and social development differences of various ethnic groups have formed a pattern of multiple disparities in China,and it is no longer simply a gap between the Han and ethnic minorities. Since the implementation of the 'Reform and Opening Up'policy,the differentiation or disparity between China's ethnic minorities hasbecome more and more pronounced —this phenomenon constitutes a new challenge to China's ethnic unity and national unification. Therefore,we must adjust ethnic policy in order to solve the 'true problem' or 'new problem ' concerning China's ethnic problem.2) The multi-faceted disparities found in the economic and social development among China's ethnic minorities result from many factors,including institutional,policy,historical,geographical,cultural,and psychological. Therefore,we must realize a diversity of ethnic policy,and build a comprehensive ethnic policy system.3) For the purpose of realizing the integration and state construction of the ethnic groups,in addition to implementing the current policy of differentiation,we must also ensure a 'four balanced and coordinated development '. This includes a balance between the Han areas and ethnic minority areas,a balance among the various ethnic minorities themselves,a balance within the same ethnic minority areas,and a balance within the same ethnic group who live in different areas. This requires the central government to strengthen a double differentiation and collaborative orientation of ethnic policies concerning the market,labor,resources,technology,and capital.