俄罗斯社会现代化与生活质量测评

An Evaluation on the Level of Russia's Modernization and Life Quality

在一个社会中,社会现代化的重要标志之一就是人们生活质量改善的程度如何。生活质量是生活标准的衍生物,其关键的要素就是收入和财富。生活质量的另外一个指标是高收入群体的收入扩大后所带来的社会各个群体实际获得的财富如何。在过去的25年,俄罗斯的生活水平一直在提高,同时各个族群之间收入显著分化。收入分化现象是苏联解体后的俄罗斯时期生活质量分化的指标之一和先决条件。生活质量范畴不同于生活标准。生活标准并不把不同群体的详细的生活标准考虑在内进行比较。生活质量意味着人们对于他的或她的生活总的和个别方面的满意度,是基于他的或她的个人评价的主观表达。我建议利用生活标准(福利待遇)、最接近的社会环境质量、环境条件的质量、社会福祉四个要素来分析人们生活质量指标。

In every society, one of the most important indicators of modernization is the level of improvement of people's life quality. Life quality is derivative from living standard, and the key elements of it are income and wealth. Another indicator of life quality is the gain of all the social groups compared to that of the highest-income group. In the past 25 yeas, the living standard of Russians was continuously rising, but the difference between the incomes of different groupsalso enlarged. The differentiation of the incomes is one of the indicators and pre-conditions of the differentiation of theliving standards in post-Soviet Russia. Life quality is not the same as living standard. The idea of living standard does notinclude the comparison of the living standards of different groups. The idea of life quality implies people's level of satisfaction of one aspect or all aspects of their lives. It is based on the subjective expression of their personal evaluation. It should be analyzed with four indicators: living standard (the level of welfare), the most accessible quality of social environment, the quality of environmental condition and social welfare.