农田养分流失及水生植物吸收再利用研究进展

Research Progress on Field Nutrient Loss and Its Uptake and Reuse by Aquatic Plants

农田养分排放是造成水体富营养化的重要原因之一,农业面源污染受到广泛关注。针对农业面源污染治理,从源头上减少化肥投入被认为是控制农业面源污染最为根本的方法。然而由于农民对环境不够重视,目前源头化肥减量的方法实现难度较大,仍然有大量的养分流失到农田之外,因此如何减少农田流失养分进入河流、湖泊等水体也是当前亟需解决的问题。事实证明,农田流失养分通过水生植物富集后进行资源化再利用是一项较为有效、可行的养分减排措施。笔者对近年来国内外在农田养分流失及水生植物吸收再利用方面的研究进行了梳理与总结,首先介绍了农田养分流失特征及其影响因素,接着阐述了水生植物富集农田流失养分以及水生植物对养分的资源化利用两个方面的研究进展,并针对流失养分再利用过程中出现的问题进行了深入地探讨,同时展望了今后的研究方向,以期为长江三角洲地区农业面源污染末端治理研究与工程实践提供参考。

Nutrient discharge from field is one of the important reasons for water eutrophication. The agricultural non-point source pollution is becoming more and more widespread concern. In view of the agricultural non-point source pollution control, reducing the fertilizer input from the source is considered as the most fundamental measure to control the agricultural non-point source pollution. However, because the farmers do not pay enough attention to the environment, at present it is difficult to achieve chemical fertilizer reduction. There are still a lot of nutrients discharged into farmland, hence how to reduce the loss of farmland nutrients into the rivers and lakes is a serious problem needed to be solved urgently. It has been proved that the utilization of aquatic plants which enrich nutrients lost from field is an effective and feasible measure for reducing nutrients into water body. The research of field nutrient loss and its uptake and reuse by aquatic plants in recent years was summarized in this review. It first introduced the characteristics and influencing factors of farmland nutrient loss; then described two aspects of research progress, including aquatic plants enriching nutrients lost from field and the utilization of aquatic plants as organic fertilizers; and discussed the problems probably rising during the utilization of nutrients from agricultural runoff. Also, it prospected the future research directions. The aim of the review would be to provide the reference for the research and engineering practice of agricultural non-point source pollution terminal control in the Yangtze river delta area.