恩格斯哲学思想发展轨迹四个节点

On Four Key Points of Engels Philosophical Thoughts Development

恩格斯是马克思主义创始人之一,被誉为"第二提琴手"。恩格斯早期对工人阶级及其生存环境问题就存有人文关怀,并由此开始关注建构辩证自然观。学界把唯物史观创立完全归功于马克思,尤其是马恩对立论者认为马克思偏执于社会领域研究,恩格斯则偏执于自然领域研究,两人在哲学研究导向上是相互分离的。产生如此偏颇的原因主要是把两人在理论研究上的分工当成分家,错误地走向极端。马克思和恩格斯合著的经典著作《德意志意识形态》标志着唯物史观的创立。这表现在,唯物史观的前提是现实的个人和他们与自然的关系;新唯物主义历史观从直接生活的生产和再生产出发;而对生产力和交往形式的关系的考察是确立唯物史观的又一个重要节点等。随着唯物史观的确立,恩格斯把理论研究重点逐渐地转移到确立新自然观上来。而在确立新自然观之前,他先将目光投向了自然科学,对自然科学的发展进行了深入考察。这是因为在确立新自然观之前必须对旧自然观进行解构与扬弃。辩证自然观与辩证科学观的创立对于完善和发展马克思主义哲学意义深远。辩证自然观与辩证科学观是恩格斯的两个伟大发现。其辩证科学观是带领科学向前推进的导向航标,其辩证自然观则是引领人类走进生态视界的指路明灯。

Engels, known as the second fiddle player, is one of the founders of Marxism. Early in his career, Engels had a humanistic concern for the working class and their living environment, thereby focusing on constructing dialectical view of nature. Academic circles owe the establishment of historical materialism entirely to Marx.Moreover, scholars who believe in conflicts between Marx and Engels hold that the two were different in the direction of philosophical research: Marx concentrated on social but Engels on natural field. The reason for this misunderstanding is that they have mistaken their research division for their separation, and gone to extremes. The classic work German Ideology, co?authored by Marx and Engels, marks the founding of historical materialism, which is reflected in that the prerequisite of historical materialism is the individuals and their relationship with nature; the new historical materialism starts from the production and reproduction in human ?? s lives; the research on the relationship between productivity and communication form is another key point of the historical materialism establishment. After the establishment of historical materialism, Engels gradually shifted his focus from theoretical research to a new view of nature. Prior to that, he switched his attention to natural science and carried out a thorough investigation on the development of natural science. To establish a new view of nature calls for the deconstruction and sublation of the former view. The establishment of dialectical view of nature and science is a profound improvement and development of Marx??s philosophy. They are Engels?? two great achievements. The dialectical view of science is a navigation mark leading science to move forward and the dialectical view of nature is a beacon guiding human beings into the ecological visual field.