论杜威对西方哲学的批评及其中西哲学比较

On John Dewey's Criticism of Western Philosophy and His Comparative Study between Chinese and Western Philosophies

杜威通过揭示康德如何从"启蒙运动的儿子"走向"与启蒙运动决裂",以及法国哲学与英美经验论哲学的不足,奠定了其心仪中国哲学的思想基础。他评说了中西道德哲学的不同流派,在哲学和文化的一些基本问题上,他的观点多有与马克思、恩格斯和列宁相通之处。他看到了五四新文化运动的"中国味儿"或"中国特点",提出了"两个适应"的理论,即:使古老的中国观念"适应现代的情况",使西方思想的精华"适应中国的情况"。他从老子和孔子的哲学中发现了为世界上其他民族所不及的精神品格,强烈谴责西方列强向中国转移其社会危机,以中国的人生哲学为"救世之灵药"。他说中国哲学更多地把大自然"当作娱心悦目的事物看",以及他所提出的"像中国人那样思考"的主张,是后来诺斯罗普关于中国哲学审美特征之研究、公正的世界秩序之建立应引进中国价值观的先声。

John Dewey laid his ideological foundation for admiring Chinese philosophy in his heart by revealing how Im-manuel Kant moved towards'breaking with the Enlightenment Movement'from'the son of the Enlightenment Movement'and revealing the deficiencies in French philosophy and British and American empirical philosophy. He commented on dif-ferent schools and currents in Chinese and Western moral philosophy, while in some basic issues of philosophy and culture,his viewpoints are very closely interlinked with the views of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Lenin. He saw the'Chineseflavors'or'Chinese characteristics'in the May Fourth New Culture Movement and put forward his theory of'two adapta-tions', i.e. the'adaptation'of ancient Chinese conceptions'to modern conditions'and the'adaptation'of essences ofWestern thoughts'to Chinese conditions'. Dewey found the spiritual characters from the philosophies of Laozi and Confu-cius, which are difficult to reach or achieve for other nations in the world, while he strongly condemned that Western powersshifted their social crisis to China, and considered China's philosophy of life ad the'panacea to salvation'. His statementthat in Chinese philosophy, the nature was more often'seen as the things gladdening our heart and pleasing our eyes', andhis proposition'thinking as the Chinese', are the herald of later F. S. C. Northrop's view that Chinese values should be in-troduced for the study of the aesthetic characteristics of Chinese philosophy and the establishment of just world order.