Gastrointestinal cancer research in the era of precision medicine

In the new era of precision medicine,increasingknowledge of the underlying signaling pathwaysand molecular defects involved in cancer growthor progression has enabled the discovery of severalprognostic and predictive biomarkers.This in turn hasled to the development of novel early diagnostic methods,accurate disease classification,therapeutic targets,andpersonalized therapy.Hence,we summarized the currentstatus of gastrointestinal cancer-related biomarkers andtreatment options.