明清河南三教堂盛衰的历史考察

Towards the History of Rise and Fall of San Jiao Tang of Henan in Ming and Qing Dynasties

三教堂是儒释道三教和合文化思想的载体,是神明奉祀场所。由明到清,三教堂经历了由兴盛到衰落的历史转变。在清代前期,三教并重的宗教文化政策推动下,河南三教堂多达590余处,居于全国之首,成为中国宗教文化发展进程中的一个亮点,它以圣像合一、祀孔子于佛寺道观的形式向基层社会渗透,对于民众教化、增强凝聚力、构建和谐社会有着积极的作用。到乾隆时期,由于这种模式与清政府尊孔思想主张相悖,遂两次下令禁止,使其从发展顶峰跌落下来,但它并没有从此消失,而是禁而不止,持续发酵。它的盛衰嬗变进程,是国家意志与民间信仰之间冲突与调和的缩影,彰显着民间信仰的智慧与生机活力。

San Jiao Tang was the temple where Confucius, Sakyamuni and Lao Zi were enshrined and worshiped, and it was the carrier of the harmonious culture of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. It went through the rise and fall from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. The three religions were equally valued in the early Qing Dynasty. In 1744, there were 590 sites, ranking first in the whole country. This is a bright spot in the process of religious culture development of China, playing a positive role in public education, national coherence and social harmony at that time. However, San Jiao Tang was banned twice in the reign of Emperor Qianlong, hence from rise to decline. To folk's comfort, it did not disappear. The ups and downs of San Jiao Tang can be thought to be an epitome of the conflicts and compromise between national will and folk beliefs,manifesting the wisdom of folk beliefs and vitality.