南海仲裁案所涉历史性权利问题裁决的国际法批判

Legal Critique of the Historic Rights Issues in the South China Sea Arbitration Award

南海仲裁案仲裁庭作出的最终裁决否定了中国在南海的历史性权利。就管辖权而言,仲裁庭的管辖权缺乏依据,因为其裁决不仅以对中国历史性权利主张性质错误的认定为基础,而且对《联合国海洋法公约》第298条的解释和适用存在问题。就实体事项而言,仲裁庭选择以适用《联合国海洋法公约》第311条有关规则为起点,其分析框架缺乏坚实的法理基础,对《联合国海洋法公约》有关条款和相关国际司法和仲裁实践的解释,有失偏颇,结论荒谬,不符合《维也纳条约法公约》关于条约解释的规则。仲裁庭对中国历史性权利证据采用双重标准,忽视了中国渔民发现、开发、利用南海岛礁的行为与有关海域的开发和利用行为密不可分,从而歪曲和否定中国在南海的历史性权利主张。仲裁庭上述裁决预设立场,偏袒菲律宾,显失公平,既不合法,又无正当性。

The final Award by the Arbitral Tribunal of the South China Sea arbitration unilaterally initiated by the Philippines denied China's historic rights in the South China Sea. The Tribunal's jurisdiction is ungrounded, as it is not only based on an incorrect judgment of the nature of China's claim to historic rights, but also wrongly interpreting Article 298 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS). With regard to merits, the argument of the Tribunal, which chose to apply the so-called 'general rules' in UNCLOS Article 311, lacks solid jurisprudential foundation. Its interpretation of the UNCLOS provisions and relevant international judicial and arbitral practices is biased and inconsistent with the rules codified by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, hence rendering its ruling unconvincing. The Tribunal adopted double standards with the evidence of China's historic rights, ignoring the association between Chinese fishermen's discovery, development and utilization of the South China Sea islands and reefs and exploitation of relevant waters. The Tribunal's Award, which has distorted and nullified China's legitimate claim to historic rights with a default position in favor of the Philippines, is unfair, illegitimate and unjustified.