弗雷泽与斯宾塞对现代人类学田野方法论创建的贡献

Frazer and Spencer's Contribution on the Foundation of Methodology on Fieldwork in Modern Anthropology

19世纪末到20世纪初,人类学经历了一次重要的学科范式转向,田野工作成为现代人类学与古典人类学的重要区分标准。本文以詹姆斯·弗雷泽和鲍德温·斯宾塞之间的通信及后者的田野日记为主要研究材料,考察了二人在现代人类学田野方法论创建过程中的历史性贡献。弗雷泽自己没有进行过人类学田野调查,但他和斯宾塞在通信讨论过程中发展出田野工作的基本观念;在这些观念的指导下,斯宾塞在长期的人类学探险活动中已经实质性地展开了具有现代人类学特征的田野工作。弗雷泽和斯宾塞对于人类学方法论的贡献展现出那个时代"摇椅人类学家"更加丰富的研究取向,也为当代中国人类学方法论自觉的形成提供了具体参照。

At the beginning of 20th century,the field of anthropology experienced an important paradigm shift which led fieldwork to become critical differentiation standard.This paper examines historical contribution of Frazer and Spencer on the foundation of methodology on fieldwork in modern Anthropology based on their letters and Spencer's fieldwork notes.Frazer himself did not do any anthropological fieldwork,but he developed the basic concepts of fieldwork through the discussion with Spencer in their letters.Under the guidance of these concepts,Spencer had substantially conducted fieldwork with modern anthropological characters in his long-time anthropological expeditions.Frazer and Spencer's contribution of anthropological methodology has revealed abundant aspects of armchair anthropologists at that time,and also provided specific reference for methodological development of Anthropology in contemporary China.