生态补偿区域选择方法研究进展

Approaches to Spatial Targeting Identification of Payments for Ecosystem Services

生态补偿实施后的效果与效率评价已成为生态补偿研究的热点。目标区域的筛选和确定将直接影响补偿资金的使用效率,进而影响生态补偿项目的社会效益。文章从生态补偿效率影响因素入手,梳理了国内外生态补偿区域选择的研究方法,从已有研究来看,选择准则已逐步从单一的只考虑项目总预算、参与者成本、环境效益等因素,发展到综合考虑生态退化高风险区域、空间区域要素异质性等多种要素;选择方法也从单一的数学方法,逐步与物理模型、空间模型和空间数量经济模型相结合,这些方法的研究和分析可为生态补偿项目实践提供重要理论支撑。通过分析国内外相关研究,提出今后补偿区域选择研究的准则除了要考虑上述环境保护目标外,还要纳入减贫、社会公平、制度保障、技术实力以及项目持久性等社会要素,以实现生态补偿项目环境与社会效益的综合目标;相应的研究方法也要动态化,系统化和集成化;且要探索研究对区域选择方法的后评价,以验证生态补偿效率的实现程度及贡献度。在此基础上,通过对照国外与国内研究的差距,分析未来国内生态补偿项目的广泛应用以及目标(区域)选择的重要性,从提高补偿项目生态服务的效益和提高补偿资金的使用效率角度,提出我国今后的生态补偿项目应在实施前做好目标(区域)选择;实施中做好动态监测;实施后做好后评估和适应性调整,以提高生态补偿政策持久性和持续性。

The effectiveness and efficiency of payments for ecosystem services(PES)have become the important topics of PESresearch.While spatial targeting identification of PES closely relates to the financial effectiveness and social inefficiency.Based onthe impact factors of PES efficiency,approaches to spatial targeting identification of PES were summarized.The identificationprinciples of spatial targeting in PES gradually changed from single factor(e.g.,total budget,participant cost,environmentalbenefits)selection to integration of multiple factors(e.g.,regions with high risk of ecological degradation,spatial heterogeneity ofenvironment elements).The selection approaches of spatial targeting also changed gradually from single mathematical method to theintegration of physical models,spatial models and spatial econometric models,which provided important support for PES practice.Our analysis showed that the identification of spatial targeting in PES should not only adequately consider the environmentalprotection goals,but also the goals of poverty alleviation,social equity,stable institution,technical capacities and project durability,so as to achieve the environmental and social benefit goals.Correspondingly,the dynamic,systematic and integrated identificationapproaches were needed.Furthermore,we should conduct the post evaluation of spatial targeting identification and identify therelative contribution these identification approaches to the efficiency of PES.Finally,we strengthened the importance of identifyingspatial targeting in PES.To improve ecological benefits and compensation fund efficiency,we suggest to identify spatial targeting,conduct dynamic monitoring,implement post evaluation and dynamic adjustment in the implementation of PES programs